1. Knowledge is acquired information. Information is neutral in nature, which is when it is outside of human awareness. When information interacts with conscious awareness it can be distorted into false knowledge or may be interpreted as accurate knowledge.
2. For average humans knowledge is acquired in three basic ways.
A. Knowledge can be acquired through conscious experience such as learning, reasoning, and through the five physical senses.
B. Knowledge can be acquired through sub-conscious experience such as bodily signals, brain chemistry, and DNA that brings instinct.
C. Knowledge can be acquired through super-conscious experience such as insight, precognition, and sensing non-locally.
Category A and B are most evident through fields like psychology and biology. Category C will perhaps be more contentious. Traditionally category C has come from more anecdotal evidence such as mystical experiences that cannot be observed externally. However, I would argue that quantum physics is bringing more evidence for the possibility of things like remote-viewing, which involve non-local interactions of consciousness. Research is here http://www2.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/quantum-brain.html
3. There is always the possibility that existence is illusory in which case nothing would be certain. However, there is also the possibility that existence is not an illusion in which case there is the possibility of certainty. If we assume existence is an illusion then there is no point in continuing to debate. So, for the sake of argument let us assume that existence is a real thing.
If existence is real then let us assume that knowledge is real. If knowledge is real then it may be known. If it is knowable then it is in the very least possible to be known with certainty by accident. Certainty by accident is illustrated through the consecutive consequences of the existence of knowledge. For example, if knowledge exists then it must either be finite or infinite in nature. Because human knowledge seems to be limited I am forced to guess as to whether a finite amount of information exists or whether an infinite amount of information exists. I will choose to believe that an infinite amount of information exists and therefore I may have reached certainty of knowledge by accident. Or I may be wrong. The only way to prove or disprove this would require knowing everything.
However, more basic knowledge can be obtained with certainty. As long as reference is made to an enclosed system then there can be certainty. This can include man-made systems or natural systems. Math is an example of a man-made system. It can be said with certainty that two plus two is four because all variables have been predefined in a comprehensive enclosed system. Language is another example. In the English language we can have certainty that words have particular spelling.
Natural systems work the same way as long as their parameters are defined. For example, we can know with certainty that Atoms are composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons (except hydrogen). The problem with natural systems is that they are often thought to be fully known but are not in actuality. It was not until 1968 that protons and neutrons were discovered to be composed of Quarks. While it did not change the certainty that Atoms were made of protons and neutrons, it did prove wrong the certainty that they were elementary particles.
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